The SQL WHERE Clause
The WHERE clause is used to filter records.
The WHERE clause is used to extract only those records that fulfill a specific condition.
Example
SELECT * FROM Customers
WHERE Country = 'Mexico';WHERE Syntax
SELECT column1 , column2, ... FROM table_name WHERE condition ;
Note
The WHERE clause is not only used in SELECT statements, it is also used in UPDATE , DELETE , etc.
Demo Database
Below is a selection from the Customers table used in the examples:
| CustomerID | CustomerName | ContactName | Address | City | PostalCode | Country |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Alfreds Futterkiste | Maria Anders | Obere Str. 57 | Berlin | 12209 | Germany |
| 2 | Ana Trujillo Emparedados y helados | Ana Trujillo | Avda. de la Constitución 2222 | México D.F. | 05021 | Mexico |
| 3 | Antonio Moreno TaquerÃa | Antonio Moreno | Mataderos 2312 | México D.F. | 05023 | Mexico |
| 4 | Around the Horn | Thomas Hardy | 120 Hanover Sq. | London | WA1 1DP | UK |
| 5 | Berglunds snabbköp | Christina Berglund | Berguvsvägen 8 | Luleå | S-958 22 | Sweden |
Text Fields vs. Numeric Fields
SQL requires single quotes around text values (most database systems will also allow double quotes).
However, numeric fields should not be enclosed in quotes:
Example
SELECT * FROM Customers
WHERE CustomerID = 1;Operators in The WHERE Clause
You can use other operators than the = operator to filter the search.
Example
SELECT * FROM Customers
WHERE CustomerID > 80;The following operators can be used in the WHERE clause:
| Operator | Description | Example |
|---|---|---|
| = | Equal | |
| > | Greater than | |
| < | Less than | |
| >= | Greater than or equal | |
| <= | Less than or equal | |
| <> | Not equal. Note: In some versions of SQL this operator may be written as != | |
| BETWEEN | Between a certain range | |
| LIKE | Search for a pattern | |
| IN | To specify multiple possible values for a column |